Considering censorship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Considering censorship - Essay Example of a community uses in order to maintain community’s values and ideals against real (or imagined) â€Å"bad† effects caused by media and thought to impact negatively on community’s core values and ideals. Typically, media censorship is controversial. That is why one finds strong opponents as well as staunch advocates on both sides. But when has censorship – of whatever form – ever managed to subdue rights to thought, information, and freedom? Indeed, censorship may not only impact, for example, on quality and meaning of a performance in an entertainment show but also on how people think – or made to think – of how and when community’s values and ideals should be, well, protected. Precedents are abundant. The Ed Sullivan Show, a well-known American entertainment show over thirty years (1940’s – 1970’s) provides more than illuminating examples on how censorship can impact on people’s perception of community’s values and ideals. Perhaps Bob Dylan’s response to Ed Sullivan Show’s producers speaks persuasively of an artist’s expression of community’s at large accepted values as opposed to censors’ control on meaning and perception: We fought for the song [â€Å"Talkin John Birch Society Blues"] ... I said I couldnt understand why they [John Birch Society, an extremist right-winged group] were being given such protection. But the network [CBS, where Ed Sullivan Show is aired] turned us down. They told us they understood and sym ­pathized ... but insisted they had previously handled the Birch Society on network news programmes, and couldnt take the subject into entertainment. (qtd. in Inglis 561) Another good example from same show is how producers’ censorship forced The Rolling Stones to drop â€Å"Night† from â€Å"Let’s Spend The Night Together,† making song’s tag line sounds odd given song’s overall meaning. Interestingly, entertainment – of all media shows and programs – impacts human mind in many different ways.

Some People Prefer Get Up Early Essay Example for Free

Some People Prefer Get Up Early Essay I prefer get up early Some people prefer to get up early in the morning and start the days work. Others prefer to get up later in the day and work until late at night. Which do you prefer? in my view, some people want to get up early in the morning and start the days work in the hotel and some get up later in the day and start to work late at night in the night market. I prefer the first choice due to my status as a student. My cousin Pretty is a receptionist on day shift in the Diamond Hotel. To illustrate, she has to wake herself up at 4 am to cook food for breakfast because she must be at work at 7 am. Moreover, she does not have much time to watch TV or listen to the radio. She decides to share time between bathing and eating for breakfast make-up which is important for people working as receptionists in the hotel. Doing this job has an effect on her sleeping habit. She spends only five hours getting some sleep which normally takes eight hour on average. My aunt, Ann, is a street vendor who sells many things ranging from beef, pork and vegetables. To be specific, she wakes up at 2 pm to prepare goods ready before the beginning of the night market around 8 pm. Her son helps carry goods and put up a selling stall. After midnight, she and her son have to clear away the selling stall for tomorrow. This work causes her to have no time to raise and talk to her son. I study in a school because I have to take care of my dog. In this case, I have much time after work to care for her. I always take her to a park and have a walk and have dinner almost every day. The reason I can do these things is that I have the days school; therefore, I have a good opportunity to play with my dog . Getting up in the morning or later at night is a choice depending on different circumstances. The job is one of the most important indicators influencing your getting up early or late every day. For me, it affects my decision on bringing up my lovely dog.

Transition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens’ poems :: Biography Biographies Essays

Transition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens’ poems â€Å"Description restores vitality to the plain visual object† (Altieri, 250). Take for example when Horatio, after having seen the ghost the first act of Hamlet, notices the beginning of the new day: â€Å"But, look, the morn in russet mantle clad, walks o’er the dew of yon high eastward hill.† (Shakespeare, 347). He doesn’t say â€Å"Sun’s coming up!† and we do not read Shakespeare in hopes that he would. Instead we are given a description of the sun and it’s movement. This two part description is vital to the beginning of the entire play, and closes the scene succinctly. It provides first a visual image for the reader or listener to imagine, and then gives motion, in this case to indicate that the play has been set into motion by something outside the control of the characters. Transition from a static image to that of a dynamic one gives vitality to several of Wallace Stevens’ poems, furthering their motion and direc ting their impression. Before addressing any of Stevens’ poems, it must be made clear that this argument is narrowly focusing itself on the visual images within several of Stevens’ poems. To fully examine the sidelines and tangents of a single poem would be impossible, as the poems themselves grow with discovered philosophies, and appeal to innumerable viewpoints and interpretations. Furthermore, because the word image can have a multiplicity of meanings and derivatives, depending on the school of thought the reader has absorbed, I will constrain the definition of image, within this paper, to the stoic â€Å"To describe; especially to describe as to call up a mental picture of† (Morris, 657). In â€Å"Study of Two Pears† (Stevens 180) we find 13 sentences within a 24 line poem, and each line composed of only 4 words, on average, per line. It would seems odd for such short sentences to be so descriptive. However, â€Å"A catalogue of vivid effects would pall pretty quickly, and Stevens’ sensuous particulars do not pall. He keeps them simple, often short, and sometimes achieves a remarkable sense of presence† (Cook 154). This presence builds throughout the poem. It begins with the scientific terms for the two pears in question, â€Å"Opusculum paedagogum† and states that they are pears and â€Å"resemble nothing. Transition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens’ poems :: Biography Biographies Essays Transition from Static to Dynamic Images in Wallace Stevens’ poems â€Å"Description restores vitality to the plain visual object† (Altieri, 250). Take for example when Horatio, after having seen the ghost the first act of Hamlet, notices the beginning of the new day: â€Å"But, look, the morn in russet mantle clad, walks o’er the dew of yon high eastward hill.† (Shakespeare, 347). He doesn’t say â€Å"Sun’s coming up!† and we do not read Shakespeare in hopes that he would. Instead we are given a description of the sun and it’s movement. This two part description is vital to the beginning of the entire play, and closes the scene succinctly. It provides first a visual image for the reader or listener to imagine, and then gives motion, in this case to indicate that the play has been set into motion by something outside the control of the characters. Transition from a static image to that of a dynamic one gives vitality to several of Wallace Stevens’ poems, furthering their motion and direc ting their impression. Before addressing any of Stevens’ poems, it must be made clear that this argument is narrowly focusing itself on the visual images within several of Stevens’ poems. To fully examine the sidelines and tangents of a single poem would be impossible, as the poems themselves grow with discovered philosophies, and appeal to innumerable viewpoints and interpretations. Furthermore, because the word image can have a multiplicity of meanings and derivatives, depending on the school of thought the reader has absorbed, I will constrain the definition of image, within this paper, to the stoic â€Å"To describe; especially to describe as to call up a mental picture of† (Morris, 657). In â€Å"Study of Two Pears† (Stevens 180) we find 13 sentences within a 24 line poem, and each line composed of only 4 words, on average, per line. It would seems odd for such short sentences to be so descriptive. However, â€Å"A catalogue of vivid effects would pall pretty quickly, and Stevens’ sensuous particulars do not pall. He keeps them simple, often short, and sometimes achieves a remarkable sense of presence† (Cook 154). This presence builds throughout the poem. It begins with the scientific terms for the two pears in question, â€Å"Opusculum paedagogum† and states that they are pears and â€Å"resemble nothing.

To Find Out Effectiveness Airtel Advertisements & Their Impact on the Viewers

TO FIND OUT EFFECTIVENESS AIRTEL ADVERTISEMENTS & THEIR IMPACT ON THE VIEWERS Table of Contents Introduction3 Airtel products9 Objective of Study14 Research Methodology15 Findings27 Recommendations28 Limitations of Study29 Bibliography31 Questionnaire32 INTRODUCTION (COMPANY OVERVIEW) Incorporated on July 7, 1995, bharti AIRTEL is a division of Bharti enterprises. The businesses of Bharti Airtel are structured into two main strategic groups †¢Mobility †¢Infotel The mobility business provides gsm mobile services in all 23 telecom circles in india. hile infotel business group provides telephone services and internet access over dsl in 15 circles. The company complements its mobile, broadband and telephone services with national and international long distance services. The company also has a submarine cable landing station at Chennai which connects the submarine cable connecting Chennai with Singapore. Bharti tele-ventures provides end to end data and enterprise services to c orporate customers by leveraging its nationwide fiber-optic backbone, last mile connectivity in fixed line and mobile circles. VSATs,ISP and international bandwidth access through the gateways and landing station. All of Bharti-ventures services are provided under airtel. in 2008; bharti Airtel attained its 90 million customer mark. The equity shares of Airtel are listed on the national stock exchange and Bombay stock exchange. Sunil Bharti mittal, the founder chairman of Bharti enterprises (who owns Airtel) is today the most celebrated face of the telecom sector in india. He symbolizes the adage that success comes to those who dream big and work assiduously to deliver it. Sunil Bharti mittal began his journey manufacturing spare parts for bicycles in late 1970s. his strong entrepreneurial instincts gave him a unique flair for sensing new business opportunities. In the early years, bharti established itself as a supplier of basic telecom equipment. His true calling came in the mid 1990s when the government opened up the sector and allowed private players to provide telecom services. Bharti enterprises accepted every opportunity provided by this new policy to evolve into India’s largest telecommunications company and one of the India’s most respected brands. Airtel was launched in 1995 in delhi. As the Airtel network expanded to several parts of India; the brand came to symbolize the very essence of mobile services. Since then, Airtel has established itself across India in most of the states covering a population of over 600 million people. Airtel will soon cover the entire country through a process of acquisitions and green field projects. With a presence in over 2,000 towns, Airtel today has the largest network capacity in the country. In the last nine years Airtel has achieved many firsts and unique records: it was the first to launch nationwide roaming operations, it was the first to cross the one million and the five million customer marks. It was also the first to launch services overseas. There are other ‘firsts' credited to Airtel – many of them in the area of innovative products and services. Today, Airtel innovates in almost everything that it presents to the market. An excellent example is Easy Charge – India's first paperless electronic recharging facility for prepaid customers. As evidence of its fine record, Airtel has also been conferred with numerous awards. It won the prestigious Techies Award for ‘being the best cellular services provider' for four consecutive years between 1997 and 2000 – a record that is still unmatched. And in 2003, it received the Voice & Data Award for being ‘India's largest cellular service provider', amongst others. Bharti Airtel has enjoyed an excellent run ever since the telecom sector opened. It has managed to hold on to its leadership position in spite of the presence of other players with deep pockets – Ambani’s, Tata’s, Birla’s and Vodafone. Has coped well with regulatory changes. It continues to attract and delight customers. t has also started making its presence felt worldwide also. Recently AIRTEL has become the third largest telecom player in the world. Bharti Enterprises has successfully focused its strategy on telecom while straddling diverse fields of business. From the creation of ‘Airtel', one of India's finest brands, to becoming the largest m anufacturer and exporter of world class telecom terminals under its ‘Beetel' brand, Bharti has created a significant position for itself in the global telecommunications sector. PRODUCTS The Company is a part of Bharti Enterprises, and is India's leading provider of telecommunications services. The businesses at Bharti Airtel have been structured into three individual strategic business units (SBU's) – mobile services, broadband & telephone services (B) & enterprise services. The mobile services group provides GSM mobile services across India in 23 telecom circles, while the B business group provides broadband & telephone services in 90 cities. The Enterprise services group has two sub-units – carriers (long distance services) and services to corporate. All these services are provided under the Airtel brand. Its include Voice Services Mobile Services Satellite Services Managed Data & Internet Services Managed e-Business Services Voice Services Bharti Airtel became the first private fixed-line service provider in India. It is now promoted under the Airtel brand. Recently, the Government opened the fixed-line industry to unlimited competition. Airtel has subsequently started providing fixed- line services in the four circles of Delhi, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu & UP (West). Airtel Enterprise Services believes that these circles have high telecommunications potential, especially for carrying Voice & Data traffic. These circles were strategically selected so as to provide synergies with Airtel's long distance network and Airtel's extensive mobile network. Airtel Enterprise Services, India's premium telecommunication service, brings to you a whole new experience in telephony. From integrated telephone services for Enterprises and small business enterprises to user-friendly plans for Broadband Internet Services (DSL), we bring innovative, cost-effective, comprehensive and multi-product solutions to cater to all your telecom and data needs. Mobile Services Airtel's mobile footprint extends across the country in 21 telecom circles. It's service standards compare with the very best in the world. In fact, that’s how Bharti has managed to win the trust of millions of customers and makes it one of the top 5 operators in the world, in terms of service and subscriber base. The company has several Firsts to its credit: †¢The First to launch full roaming service on pre-paid in the country. †¢The First to launch 32K SIM cards. †¢The First in Asia to deploy the multi band feature in a wireless network for Efficient usage of spectrum. The First to deploy Voice Quality Enhancers to improve voice quality and Acoustics. †¢The First telecom company in the world to receive the ISO 9001:2000 Certification from British Standards Institute Satellite Services Airtel Enterprise Services provides you connectivity where ever you take your Business. Satellite Services bring you the benefits of access in remote Locations. Airtel Enter prise Services is a leading provider of broadband IP Satellite services and DAMA/PAMA services in India. Managed data & internet services Airtel enterprises services bring a comprehensive suite of data technologies. So Airtel is able to support all types of networks and ensure the customers can manage their network to the future seamlessly. These services include: leased lines, customized solutions, metro Ethernet. Managed e-business services Airtel enterprise services offer an internationally benchmarked, carrier class hosting, storage and business continuity services. A huge range of services help the customers run their business the way they want. All this is possible because of world class high tech data centers. PROMOTIONAL STRATEGY After the liberalization of the Indian Telecom Sector in 1994, the Indian cellular market witnessed a surge in cellular services. By 2005, there were a total of 12 players in the market with the five major players being Bharti Tele-Ventures Limited (Bharti), Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL), Hutchinson-Essar limited (Hutch), Idea Cellular limited (Idea) and Reliance India Mobile (RIM) (Refer Exhibit I). All the players except RIM offered services based on the Global System for Mobile (GSM) technology. RIM provided services based on Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) technology as well as GSM. As competition in the telecom arena intensified, BHARTI AIRTEL took new initiatives to woo customers. Prominent among these were – celebrity endorsements, loyalty rewards, discount coupons, business solutions and talk time schemes. AIRTEL has used most number of celebrities for advertisements. The list includes-Sachin, Shahrukh, Rehmaan, Saif Ali Khan, Kareena Kapoor, Zaheer Khan Etc. The most important consumer segments in the cellular industry were the youth segment and the business class segment. The youth segment was the largest and fastest growing segment and was therefore targeted most heavily by cellular service provider. Bharti Tele-Ventures adopted celebrity endorsement as its chief promotional strategy. By 2004 it emerged the unprecedented leader commanding the largest market share in the cellular service market. Hutch implemented the celebrity endorsement strategy partially, relying primarily on its creative advertising for the promotion of its brand. BSNL, on the other hand, attracted the consumer through its low cost schemes. Being a state owned player, BSNL could cover rural areas, and this helped it increase its subscriber base. Reliance was another player that cashed on its innovative promotional strategies, which included celebrity endorsements and attractive talk time schemes. Idea relied heavily on its creative media advertising sans celebrities. OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY The objective of the study is to find out the effectiveness of AIRTEL advertisements i. e. †¢What type of impact these advertisements have on the viewers? †¢Are the viewers getting the desired message? The secondary objective includes finding out following: What type of advertisements viewers now days like? †¢What type of changes AIRTEL needs to make in future? RESEARCH METODOLOGY The data was collected from primary as well as secondary sources. Primary data source: Around 80 people were randomly selected and their response to the questionnaire was taken as primary data. Secondary data source: the secondary data was col lected from following sources †¢AIRTEL website †¢Newspapers †¢Internet The total number of respondents was 80. Out of which 24 were female respondents and rests 56 were males. The respondents are categorized in three different groups. First group consists of person less than 20 years of age. These are mainly teenagers and are most likely to buy or use new mobile connections. The second group i. e. 20-35 years of age are already using one or the other connection. The last group was mainly of somewhat older people and consists of 30% of the total sample. The graph shows the % distribution of customers of different service providers . There are some more players in the market but for the shake of clarity, only these six were given consideration. Out of the major six players, Airtel is found to be having the largest market share with 32%. he main competitors to AIRTEL in terms of number of customers are BSNL and Vodafone. Popularity of ads of different brands among viewers The advertisements of Vodafone were found to be more popular among the respondents. Most of them talked about the ‘’hutch dog†. Similarly the tag line of IDEA ‘’an idea can change your life† is also very popular . AIRTEL ads are supposed to be more or less centered on emotional factors. 75% of the respondents said that they like the TV ads more than any other medium of advertisement. The main internet users now a days i. e. oungsters were found to have a liking towards the advertisements used on internet. The housewives and the people older than 3 years like to go through advertisements in newspapers and magazines etc, and also like the advertisements on radio or local FM stations. Major portion of the respondents categorized AIRTEL ads as emotional ads. In every advertisement, one or the other facet of the human relations is at the centre. The AIRTEL ads were also considered to be different from the competitors and innovative. Many respondents claimed that the fun part was always missing from the AIRTEL ads. Out of all celebrities endorsing AIRTEL, A. R. Rehmaan is most famous among the viewers. Almost every respondent linked the AIRTEL success with the famous TONE composed by Rehmaan. The girls mainly like the advertisements with Saif Ali khan and Shahrukh khan. One of the finding was that using too many celebrities in advertisements is not that much effective. AIRTEL advertisement with seven celebrities including Saif, Kareena, Zaheer khan, Gautam Gambhir is supposed by the viewers as wastage of money. 60% of the respondents believe that the Celebrity endorsements give a brand a ouch of glamour and the hope that a famous face will provide added appeal and name recognition in a crowded market. AIRTEL itself is already using a number of celebrities in its advertisements like shahrukh khan, Saif ali khan,kareena,Sachin,Madhvan etc. so in near future also AIRTEL should move on with celebrity endorsements as viewers give them value and have a liking towards them. Major portion of the viewer s got the message from the AIRTEL ads as it is a brand that offers services at cheaper price. The ads don’t give any hint about the service quality. So AIRTEL should give some consideration to this fact and try to emphasize on the better quality also through the advertisements. The claims made in AIRTEL ads are believable About 50% of the respondents had this belief that the claims made about the connectivity, voice clarity etc in the AIRTEL ads are true. The major portion of these 50% respondents was actually the AIRTEL users. 35% of people suppose these claims as just a part of advertisement and non existing in actual. 70% of the respondents said that they started using that sim card because of one or other type of scheme. The different types of schemes like-10 paisa call, night calling free etc help the customers make their mind to shift to that particular service provider. The advertisements in general have a very small impact on their decision. FINDINGS FROM THE STUDY The research carried out helped us to come to the following out comes: ? In terms of liking of ads, Vodafone is way ahead of AIRTEL. ?Viewers have a liking towards most of the celebrities used in AIRTEL ads. ? The viewers like the ads with some funny content but this is missing in most of the AIRTEL ads ? The majority of the customers starts or shifts to a service provider based upon word of mouth and different schemes. The advertisements play a very little part in their decision. ?The preferences of the viewers for the celebrities are always changing so we can’t rely on a single celebrity forever. ?Viewers like to see short and up to the mark ads but Most of the AIRTEL ads are too lengthy. RECOMMENDATIONS ?Along with using various celebrities for endorsements, AIRTEL should try to introduce advertisements with some sort of humor. ?The majority of perspective customers are teenagers, so AIRTEL ads should be more focused around them ? The people now days have started using more and more internet, so along with TV advertisements, AIRTEL should give more attention to online advertisements. ?People give very less attention to the print ads, so these ads should be mainly informative ads i. e. the ads giving information about new schemes and recharge coupons etc. LIMITATIONS The research was carried out taking care of each & every small points which can alter the results but still there were some limitations that must be acknowledged. †¢The respondents chosen were mainly from cities. So the results don’t include the responses of rural customers. †¢To find out the overall effectiveness of advertisements a lot of data regarding the price paid to the celebrities and cost of advertisement etc. was required, but as this type of data is classified so it was not available. CONCLUSION Mobile penetration is currently exploding in INDIA and Bharti Airtel has been riding the crest of the huge mobile industry wave that has been formed. Consequently great potential and huge market opportunities have now opened up the playing field in India’s telecom market and also made it much more competitive. In the present open market environment, there are currently over 10 major operators in India which are competing with each other to get the major share of this market. So at any point of time, AIRTEL can’t take things lightly. It needs to change its marketing and advertising strategies gradually. The advertisements used at present seem appropriate for AIRTEL but we can’t always rely on these advertisements and the celebrities. Bibliography www. airtelworld. com www. scribd. com www. wikipedia. org Search engine used www. oogle. com www. trai. gov. in QUESTIONNAIRE Dear Respondent, I am a student of Oriental Institute of Management, Vashi, Navi Mumbai and doing a research for a study for which I intend to pose a questionnaire to find out impact of the advertisements of some of the big players of Indian telecom sector. Your cooperation is deeply solicited to provide the relevant information. I assure that information will be kept confidential. Please tick at the place tha t matches your opinion. 1. You are †¢Male †¢Female 2. Specify your age †¢

Posttraumatic stress disorder Research Essay

223. 4 million U. S. citizens have experienced a traumatic event at least once in their lives. This is about 70% of adults in the USA. Today 31. 1 million people are struggling with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) (Rosenthal). PTSD is defined as re-experiencing, avoidance, and arousal, due to a traumatic event. The symptoms are either long lasting or have a delayed onset (Oltmanns & Emery, 2012). A traumatic event that involves actual or threatened death or serious injury to self or others, can create intense feelings of fear, helplessness, or horror (Oltmanns & Emery, 2012). This traumatic event then can lead to a serious anxiety disorder such as PTSD. Examples range from witnessing another individual in a life or death crisis to experiencing a life or death crisis first. While PTSD affects a large percentage of the world’s population, only recorded incidents are placed in statistics. However around the world traumatic events are not uncommon, with the cases of genocide in Rwanda to war torn counties in the Middle East, and all the way back to the survivors of 9/11 and US troops back from Iraq, it is no wonder that PTSD is one of the most common disorders. This paper will summarize symptoms, causation, prevention and treatment of PTSD. There are four main categories that the symptoms of PTSD are grouped into. The first is re-experiencing the traumatic event or incident. There are a few different ways one can re-experience the trauma. Some may repeatedly visualize distressing images of either the incident or something closely related. There may be a constant thought of the event as it unfolded. Some may focus on how they could have done things differently assuming there might have been a better ending or the event would have been avoided entirely. Others will experience horrifying dreams or night terrors that will either be an exact flashback from the traumatic event or a metaphor of some sort that is equally traumatic. For example, a woman with PTSD who was a paramedic and was dispatched to the scene of the twin towers on 9/11 experienced nightmares of a fire breathing dragon. A friend of hers stated that it was as if there was a fire breathing dragon with all the fire and trauma that engulfed the paramedics (Psych Lab Video Case). Last are flashbacks that one will re- experience. â€Å"Flashbacks are sudden memories during which the trauma is replayed in images or thoughts often at full motional intensity† (Oltmanns & Emery, 2012). The next symptom of PTSD is avoidance. One who suffers from PTSD will avoid all stimuli associated with the trauma. This means avoiding feelings, thoughts, people, places, and activities that remind them of the trauma. One critical symptom of avoidance is a numbing of responsiveness or emotional anesthesia, which causes sufferers to withdraw from others and hide or conceal their emotions. This is known to have a large effect on family and loved ones who attempt to help (Oltmanns & Emery, 2012). The last symptom of PTSD is arousal or anxiety. PTSD is grouped in the DSM-IV-TR as an anxiety disorder because of the effects of arousal and the secondary anxiety it causes. Anxiety may show itself through hyper-vigilance, restlessness, agitation, irritability, exaggerated startle responses, and excessive fear reactions to unexpected stimuli (Oltmanns & Emery, 2012). In order to assess and diagnose a person with PTSD, a person must re-experience the traumatic event at least once, they must have at least three symptoms of avoidance, two hyperarousal symptoms, and symptoms that make it hard to go about their daily life such as school, work, etc. nimh. nih. gov). If a majority of the world’s population experiences many or at least one traumatic event, how is it that not everyone develops PTSD? There a few factors that cause PTSD. Trauma is necessary for PTSD to develop but is not the only cause (Oltmanns & Emery, 2012). Social factors include the amount of trauma the individual would be subjected to. For example, a police officer would have a higher rate of developing PTSD because of the exposure they commit themselves to as part of their career. Individuals are more likely to develop PTSD depending on the severity of the event. Some people can be categorized as â€Å"risk takers† which would make them more vulnerable to developing PTSD such as a police officer or paramedic. Other risk factors include having a history of mental illness, getting hurt, living through traumas, having no social support or dealing with extra stress after the traumatic event such as loss of loved one (nimh. nih. gov). Prevention of PTSD is possible and circumstances can take place that would help individuals prevent the disorder from developing even though traumatic events that could lead to PTSD are unknown or may come as a surprise. Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) provides mental health assistance after a tragic event. An early intervention is critical. Incident stress debriefing is a five hour group meeting where citizens share events and tragedies after a disaster (Oltmanns & Emery, 2012). Police officers and all emergency personnel are given some sort of PTSD prevention therapy (Sanford). This is due to the fact that they have a high risk exposure to traumatic events. Treatment for PTSD varies and there several different types of psychotherapies that can be used to treat the disorder as well as medication. The main therapy currently used is cognitive processing therapy, or CPT. Cognitive processing therapy can be done in an individual or a group setting. A therapist will help a patient reevaluate how they feel about a traumatic situation. For example, many victims of sexual violence and rape place the blame on themselves. The efficacy of the therapy has held up. Recently, Congolese women who survived the intense conflict in their country and were subjected to rape and sexual violence underwent months of CPT to ease the post-traumatic stress. The results were promising, though the women appeared to respond better to the group therapy. â€Å"After four months, the proportion of women with probable PTSD dropped from 60 percent to 8 percent in the cognitive processing therapy group; the proportion of those with depression or anxiety plummeted from 71 to 10 percent. Their functional impairment scores dropped by half. In the women who received individual support counseling, rates of probable PTSD, depression or anxiety declined less, from 83 percent to about 54 percent. † (Seppa, 2013) Another helpful PTSD therapy is Prolonged Exposure Therapy or PE. PE requires the patient to expose themselves to safe but uncomfortable situations that they have been avoiding due to their PTSD. The patient is also taught breathing relaxation techniques in order to lessen the anxiety associated with reintroducing themselves to traumatic tasks (U. S. Department of Veterans Affairs). The patient is also asked to talk repeatedly about the traumatic situation which eventually leads to habituation or a neutral response to the once negative stimuli. Medication is the other option for treatment of PTSD. Though it is not completely curable, it can be managed by a wide variety of medications. Currently, the evidence base is strongest for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The only two FDA approved medications for the treatment of PTSD are sertraline (Zoloft) and paroxetine (Paxil) (1, 2)† (Jeffereys). There are also some obstacles to overcome in getting patients to best respond to this treatment. Patients are often concerned about the side effects of the medication, about learning to rely on the medication rather than fixing the root problem, about getting addicted and they may begin to abuse the medications by mixing them with alcohol if the PTSD is severe (Jeffereys). In addition, recent studies have suggested that long term exposure to anti-depressants may actually hamper a patient’s ability to respond positively to therapy (Nauert, 2013). A new study conducted by researchers at Emory, University of Miami and Scripps Research Institute has showed promise in prevention of PTSD. The results of the study suggest that exposing victims of trauma to morphine immediately after experiencing the distressing event may do more than just ease physical pain. Morphine may also play a role in â€Å"fear learning†. When the drug was administered to a group of mice after exposure to a stressful event, they â€Å"could still learn to become afraid of sounds and shocks, but the fearful memories were not as durable and the mice did not freeze as much in response to the sound alone two days later, even if they had been previously exposed to stress† (Eastman , 2013). Some other â€Å"out of the box† potential treatments include channeling all energy into martial arts training or service dog training (London, 2013). The idea here would be to distract the brain away from the negative thoughts by focusing all the patients’ resources into positive activities.